试卷题目样例 4

题源：Sample Exam Questions.pdf 的 SAMPLE SET 4。

参考答案与解析由 GPT-5.5 辅助生成，并结合本站课程笔记与计算复核整理；非官方答案，仅供参考。若与课堂讲解或官方答案冲突，以官方答案为准。

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions

(1.1) Which item below is correct regarding Design for Manufacturing (DFM)? [2]

ADFM can't be started at the initial stages of product design before fabrication. BIt is usually accepted that 70 to 80% of production costs are determined by design decisions. CDFM reduces cost by increasing the complexity of manufacturing operations. DDFM may impose higher manufacturing costs but improves customer satisfaction. EManufacturers increase production efficiency while increasing costs of production.

参考答案：B

课程中强调大量产品成本在设计阶段被决定，因此 DFM 应在早期介入。

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(1.2) Which statement accurately describes a cause-effect diagram? [2]

AIt illustrates effects without identifying root causes. BIt focuses on the sole cause of a problem. CIt shows relationships between effects without visual tools. DIt logically organizes possible causes for a problem or effect in increasing detail. EIt exclusively identifies effects without organizing causes.

参考答案：D

Cause-effect diagram 是按类别和层级组织潜在原因的图形化工具。

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(1.3) Which statement best describes the three pillars of sustainability? [2]

AMeeting current needs without considering future generations. BAchieving economic growth, environmental care, and social well-being simultaneously, without compromising future generations. CFocusing primarily on economic growth with minimal environmental and social consideration. DPrioritizing environmental care while neglecting economic and social pillars. EEmphasizing social well-being as the sole pillar.

参考答案：B

可持续性要求经济、环境、社会三者平衡，并满足当前需求而不损害未来世代需求。

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(1.4) Which of the following is not a project? [2]

AProgramming regular software updates for an electronic control system in a manufacturing plant. BDeveloping and implementing a software algorithm for real-time data processing. CDeveloping a prototype for a next-generation smartphone. DImplementing a recycling program in an office building. EDesigning and building a PCB for a new device.

参考答案：A

Regular updates 是持续运营/维护活动，不是临时性的独特项目。

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(1.5) Which of the following is not true about the initial phase of a project? [2]

AThe cost associated at the beginning of the project is highest. BStakeholders have the maximum influence during this phase. CThe highest uncertainty is at this stage of the project. DThe initial scope is defined, and initial financial resources are committed. EAll the above statements are correct.

参考答案：A

项目初期不确定性和干系人影响最大，但成本投入通常较低，不是最高。

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(1.6) Which statement about the WBS is most correct in project management? [2]

AWBS stands for Work Breakdown Statement. BThe WBS includes 100 percent of the work of the project. CAny work not included in the WBS is out of scope. DWBS can decompose only through work packages and cannot decompose by phases. EB & C

参考答案：E

WBS 是 Work Breakdown Structure，应覆盖项目 100% 工作；未包含在 WBS 中的工作属于范围外。

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(1.7) Consider a start-up company run by an entrepreneur. Find the correct pair of true statements. [2]

1. Maximum standardisation and formalisation
2. Few layers: limited middle-line managerial levels
3. Decentralised and indirect supervision
4. Wide span of control around the entrepreneur

A1 and 2 B3 and 4 C2 and 3 D2 and 4 E1 and 3

参考答案：D

初创企业层级少、形式化低，创业者直接监督且控制幅度宽。

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(1.8) The following organisational structures should be labelled as: [2]

A1. Start-up; 2. Expansion; 3. Growth; 4. Formal Organisation B1. Expansion; 2. Start-up; 3. Formal Organisation; 4. Growth C1. Start-up; 2. Growth; 3. Expansion; 4. Formal Organisation D1. Expansion; 2. Start-up; 3. Growth; 4. Formal Organisation E1. Growth; 2. Start-up; 3. Formal Organisation; 4. Expansion

参考答案：A

四图对应从初创、扩张、增长到正式组织的结构演化。

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(1.9) It costs 1000 RMB for hand tools and 1.50 RMB labour per unit. Automated machinery costs 15,000 RMB with 0.50 RMB per-unit cost. Annual production is 5000 units. How long to reach cross-over? [2]

A2.0 yr BNever C3.6 yr D2.8 yr E0.9 yr

参考答案：D

固定成本差 14,000，单位节省 1 RMB，交叉点 14,000 件；按 5,000 件/年为 2.8 年。

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(1.10) A company sold 300,000 CNY of existing products costing 150,000 CNY to manufacture. A new product design cost 100,000 CNY to develop and is valued at 200,000 CNY. The new product replaces existing designs, so old designs are valued at 0. What is the present valuation? [2]

A250,000 CNY B150,000 CNY C500,000 CNY D50,000 CNY E350,000 CNY

参考答案：A

按题干给出的净值计算：现有产品毛利为 300,000 - 150,000 = 150,000 CNY；新产品设计价值为 200,000 CNY；但开发该设计已花费 100,000 CNY，旧设计价值为 0。因此 present valuation = 150,000 - 100,000 + 200,000 = 250,000 CNY。

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(1.11) Project risk management is best described as: [2]

AManaging responses to threats BIdentifying and acknowledging threats and opportunities CPlanning responses to threats DMinimising threats and maximising opportunities EImplementing responses to threats

参考答案：D

项目风险管理同时处理威胁和机会，目标是降低威胁影响并提升机会收益。

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(1.12) Risk response planning consists of four main strategies. Which does not fall under the main strategies? [2]

AAvoidance BAcceptance CTransference DMitigation EIdentification

参考答案：E

Identification 是风险识别过程，不是威胁应对策略；常见应对包括 avoid、transfer、mitigate、accept。

Section B: Long Questions

Q2 Discounted Cash Flow

As a young entrepreneur, you would like to guarantee a healthy total cost of ownership via evaluating net present value while utilising discounted cash-flow analysis.

(a) Your company is designing a new product that will take three years to design, fabricate, and build. Expenses are 1,000,000 RMB per year and increase with inflation of 5% annually. How much must your company quote for delivery in three years if it wants to cover expenses and earn net profit, in today’s equivalent currency, of 100,000 RMB? [3]

(b) Your company would like to purchase a new machine with purchase price 10 M RMB and lifetime 5 years. The machine requires annual maintenance cost 1 M RMB and annual power cost 0.5 M RMB. All costs are fixed, with inflation of 10% applied to power only after year 1.

(i) Demonstrate the total projected costs over the lifetime. [3]

(ii) Analyse the total cost of ownership over the lifetime. [4]

(c) Your company is considering a large assembly facility in Chengdu. Initial setup cost is 6,398 M RMB. Forecast net income is: Y1 1,400 M, Y2 1,450 M, Y3 1,550 M, Y4 1,625 M, Y5 1,480 M.

(i) Calculate projected payback time to the nearest month. [5]

(ii) Calculate NPV using a discount factor of 5%. [5]

(iii) Comment on attractiveness. [3]

(d) A cash-flow table with 30-day net payment terms is given below. Determine cumulative cash towards the end of each month M. Currency is RMB. [3]

	M0	M1	M2	M3	M4	M5
Sales Bookings	10	12	8	20	100	0
Shipments	0	10	12	8	20	100
Components Order	5	6	4	10	50	0

展示参考答案

(a) Quote for a three-year product

Expenses with 5% annual inflation:

Year	Cost (RMB)
1	1,000,000
2	1,050,000
3	1,102,500
Total	3,152,500

Profit target of 100,000 RMB in today’s money converted to year-3 money:

$$100,000(1.05{)}^3=115,762.50$$

Required quote:

$$3,152,500+115,762.50=3,268,262.50\text{RMB}$$

(b) Machine TCO

Power costs over five years: 0.500, 0.550, 0.605, 0.6655, 0.73205 M RMB. Total power cost = 3.05255 M RMB. Maintenance total = 5 M RMB. Including purchase cost:

$$TCO=10+5+3.05255=18.05255M\text{RMB}$$

(c) Chengdu facility

Cumulative income: Y1 1,400; Y2 2,850; Y3 4,400; Y4 6,025; Y5 7,505 M RMB. Remaining after year 4 is 373 M RMB, recovered in 373/(1480/12) = 3.02 months. Payback is about 4 years 3 months.

At 5% discount rate:

$$NPV\approx 85.98M\text{RMB}$$

Positive NPV and payback within five years make the investment attractive, though the margin is modest.

(d) Cash flow with 30-day terms

Month	Inflow	Outflow	Net cash	Cumulative cash
M0	0	0	0	0
M1	0	5	-5	-5
M2	10	6	4	-1
M3	12	4	8	7
M4	8	10	-2	5
M5	20	50	-30	-25

Q3 DFM, QC, Robust Design, Process Capability

Q3(l) DFM and Sustainability

DFM is the process of designing components for ease of manufacturing high-quality products at a lower cost.

(vi) The product development cycle generally consists of initial design, final design, fabrication, production, and product launch. Draw a plot showing the effectiveness of DFM application versus these product development stages, based on both the impact and cost of changes. [4]

(vii) Sustainability can balance three main pillars. List any two of these pillars. [2]

展示参考答案

DFM effectiveness plot: DFM is most effective during initial design because design decisions have high impact and change costs are low. As the cycle moves through final design, fabrication, production, and product launch, the impact of changes falls while the cost of changes rises.

Stage	Impact of DFM changes	Cost of changes
Initial design	Highest	Lowest
Final design	High	Low to medium
Fabrication	Medium	Medium
Production	Low	High
Product launch	Lowest	Highest

In a sketch, draw one downward-sloping line for impact and one upward-sloping line for cost across the five stages.

Two sustainability pillars: Environmental, economic, and social are the three pillars; any two are acceptable.

Q3(m) 7QC and Control Chart

Which 7QC tool is sorted descending by frequency? Which tool studies process changes over time? Use the 15 yield rates to create a control chart and highlight instability. [8]

Sample	Yield Rate (%)	Sample	Yield Rate (%)
1	98.50	9	98.80
2	97.80	10	99.00
3	98.30	11	99.10
4	99.10	12	98.80
5	99.30	13	98.90
6	94.32	14	99.10
7	98.40	15	98.20
8	98.60

展示参考答案

Descending frequency bar chart: Pareto chart.

Process changes over time: Control chart.

For the yield data:

$$\bar{x}\approx 98.4147\%,s\approx 1.20455\%$$

PDF 题干没有指定 2 * sigma，因此这里按常规 control chart 使用 3 * sigma 控制界限：

$$UCL\approx 98.4147+3(1.20455)=102.028\%$$ $$LCL\approx 98.4147-3(1.20455)=94.801\%$$

Sample 6 has yield 94.32%, which is below LCL. Therefore, the process shows uncontrolled variation and is unstable. On the plot, mark the central line at 98.4147%, UCL at 102.028%, LCL at 94.801%, and highlight sample 6 as an out-of-control point.

Q3(n) Robust Design

For a power supply circuit, target output voltage is 110 V. If output falls outside 110 ± 20 V, the stereo fails in half the situations and repair costs USD 100. Compute average Taguchi loss for output voltage 100 V. Explain how robust design improves quality. [5]

展示参考答案

At tolerance limit Δ = 20 V, expected loss is half of repair cost:

$$A_0=0.5\times 100=50$$

For nominal-the-best loss:

$$L(y)=k(y-m{)}^2,k=\frac{A_0}{{\Delta }^2}=\frac{50}{20^2}=0.125$$

For y = 100 V, deviation from target is 10 V:

$$L(100)=0.125(100-110{)}^2=12.5$$

Average loss is therefore USD 12.50.

Robust design improves quality by making product performance less sensitive to noise factors. Instead of only inspecting defects after production, it designs parameter settings and tolerances so the output stays near target under real-world variation.

Q3(o) Process Capability

A component has parameter range 20 ± 1 mm; process mean is 19.8 mm; standard deviation is 0.2 mm. Calculate Cpk and assess risk. [6]

展示参考答案

Specification limits:

$$USL=21,LSL=19$$ $$C_{pk}=\min \left(\frac{USL-\mu }{3\sigma },\frac{\mu -LSL}{3\sigma }\right)$$ $$C_{pk}=\min \left(\frac{21-19.8}{0.6},\frac{19.8-19}{0.6}\right)=\min (2.00,1.33)=1.33$$

Cpk = 1.33 is generally acceptable/capable, but the mean is shifted below the target 20 mm, so the lower specification side is the limiting risk. The process should still be monitored and centered closer to 20 mm to reduce risk.

Q4 Project Management and CPM

Q4(c) Short Questions

(v) Project A has a BCR of 1.4. What can we infer? [2]

(vi) Difference between standard and regulation. [2]

(vii) Compare basic sender/receiver and interactive communication models. [4]

展示参考答案

(v) BCR = 1.4 means benefits are 1.4 times costs, or benefits are 40% above costs. The project is economically attractive if assumptions are valid.

(vi) A standard is a recommended or agreed technical/quality practice, often voluntary unless contractually required. A regulation is legally enforceable and issued by an authority; non-compliance can bring legal penalties.

(vii) The most basic sender/receiver model is sender → message → receiver. Extended versions also include encoding, channel, decoding, noise, and feedback. Interactive communication goes further by making feedback explicit and two-way: participants exchange messages in real time, clarify meaning, respond to feedback, and adjust communication dynamically. Meetings, calls, and workshops are typical interactive models.

Q4(d) CPM

Activity	Duration	Predecessor(s)
A	2	-
B	1	-
C	4	-
D	1	A
E	2	B, C, D
F	7	C

Plot CPM, perform forward and backward pass, calculate float, define critical path, and discuss a 1-day delay in C. [17]

展示参考答案

Network relationships:

A -> D -> E
B -> E
C -> E and F

Forward/backward pass:

Activity	ES	EF	LS	LF	Float
A	0	2	6	8	6
B	0	1	8	9	8
C	0	4	0	4	0
D	2	3	8	9	6
E	4	6	9	11	5
F	4	11	4	11	0

Project duration is 11 days.

Critical path:

$$C\to F$$

Because activity C has zero float, a 1-day delay in C delays F and the project completion by 1 day. The project duration becomes 12 days, unless recovery actions are taken.